Monday, January 27, 2020

Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) It stands for Thin Layer Chromatography. Its a simple technique used by chemists in separation of Mixtures in addition to supporting the identification of the separated compounds by comparing the Retention Factor of the separated compound with that of a known compound. The TLC plate on which the Thin Layer Chromatography is performed is usually a sheet of glass, aluminum or plastic. Its has a coat of adsorbent material ( known as stationary phase ) such as silica gel, alumina or cellulose. First step is application of the sample to the plate, then in a capillary action- the chemist draws the solvent up the plate. Separation occurs due to the different ascendance rates of analytes on the plate. Advantages of TLC over other types of chromatography Paper Chromatography TLC is faster than paper chromatography. Its more sensitive to many substances. Its preparation is usually sharper. It requires smaller quantity of sample. Potential application of different types of reagents without causing damage to the plate. Column chromatography TLC has smaller apparatus It has more speed Previous points leads to cheaper over all procedure It provides easier measurement of the Retention Factor. The above advantages makes it more suitable for analytical purposes rather than separation purposes. Preparation of TLC plate To prepare the TLC plate, first we must mix a small quantity of an inert substance such as calcium sulfate with adsorbent substance like Silica gel and water. The second step is spreading this mixture on sheet of unreactive substance such as glass or plastic. The third step is activation of the plate that results from the previous procedures by heating it in an oven at 110oC for nearly half an hour. The adsorbent layers thickness depends on the purpose of TLC as in case of analytical purposes, it ranges from 0.1 to 0.25 mm. In case of preparative TLC it ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 mm. Technique A small amount of the samples solution is poured on the plate to cover about one centimeter high from the base. Then the plate is soaked in a convenient solvent like Hexane and put in a container thats well sealed. Using capillary action, the solvent goes up the plate to meet the samples mixture which it helps to move up the plate and dissolves as well. Differences between rates of the compounds in the mixture are because each compound has different affinity to the adsorbent layer (stationary phase) from the other compounds and also each compound has different solubility in the mixture. If the solvent is changed, the compounds can be separated (using Retention Factors value). Applications of TLC in the Pharmaceutical field Thin-layer chromatography technique is used for separation of amino acids that are the main components of antibiotics, enzymes and hormones. TLC-UV spectrometry was used to determine salidroside in 8 Rhodiola species ( Rhodiola is a herb that has been used for long time for treatment of cold and flu symptoms in addition to relieving mental and physical stresses. In China, its recently considered as promising anti-aging drug in addition to having causative agent for improvement of athletic performance and enhancing memory). The combination of advanced chromatographic resolution of 2D-TLC with simple bioautography is used in discovering new natural products that are active against important fungal pathogens of plants. Thin-layer chromatography in addition to HPLC are used for the identification of Pogostemoni herba which is a crude drug and a Kampo medicines-component. TLC-colourimetric was used to estimate free and combined emodine, physcione and chrysophanol in Indian Rhubarb and it turned out to contain (0.07%)of free emodin of (0.08%) of C-glycosidic emodin, (0.30%) of O-glycosidic emodin, (0.40%) of free physcione, (0.18%) of O-glycosidic physcione, (0.17 %) of C-glycosidic physcione, (0.15%) of free chrysophanol, (0.06%) of O-glycosidic chrysophanol and (0.21%) of C-glycosidic chrysophanol. TLC-UV Densitometric method is used in Misai Kucing Capsules for Simultaneous Quantification of Sinensetin and Tetramethoxyflavone. TLC is used for determination of different compounds in analgesic tablets. TLC-densitometric procedure is used for determination of the contents of Plumbagin which is a naphthoquinone that acts as antimalarial , antimalarial , anticancer, cardiotonic and antifertilityaction. Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography is used for the determination of Propranolol in human plasma. Determination of Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosides using Thin-Layer chromatography Immunostaining. TLC is used to determine Phenytoin in pharmaceutical preparations and identify its Hydroxylated Urinary Metabolites. Isolation of antioxidants from Perilla frutescens var. acuta fruit is carried out using TLC. TLC- densitometric method is used to analyse artemisinin in the planlets of Artemisia annua L. TLC is used to detect as well as identify opiates in urine in addition to reveilind adultration in heroin. TLC-Densitometry is used in the Quantitative Analysis of Curcumin, Demethoxycurcumin and Bisdemethoxycurcumin in the Crude Curcuminoid Extract from Curcuma longa.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Politics in America Essay -- Political American Society Essays

Politics in America There are many important decisions made every day in this country. Most Americans do not know about half of these decisions. There is no need for the average adult to know all the decisions that happen every day because he can not be trusted to make the majority of the decisions. However, there are certain aspects of life where the average man is worthy of making decisions for himself. Economically, the average man can make educated decisions because it directly involves his immediate environment. In politics, the majority of decisions are made for the average man because he is not educated enough about national issues. The average man is not stupid. However, he doesn’t have a good enough grasp on national reality to make intelligent decisions. The average man can be trusted to make decisions that affect his personal and social existence only in specific aspects of his life. Politics today is a very complicated subject that few people outside fully comprehend it in its entirety. The average adult thinks he understand most of politics. When in fact, the average adult does not know most of what takes place in politics. Voting for amendments will affect one’s social existence, yet average adults won’t know half of what the amendment actually means before voting. If people do not watch debates for elections, or make some effort to understand what a candidate’s views are, they end up making an uneducated decision about who to vote for. Since this is the average adult, effects can be catastrophic. An unqualified candidate could be elected to office and make poorer decisions that will have a worse effect nationally. Average adults need someone to be there leader or else they fail. As much as I ... ...litics fully. Young people have not experienced enough about this world where they are to be trusted to handle a subject as complex as politics. However, economically, average adults have experienced a lot in their lives already. They know enough about their jobs or their immediate surroundings that they can be trusted to make educated decisions. Average adults can be trusted to participate in the decisions that affect their personal and social existence economically. This is one sphere of life where man has lived long enough to make decisions on his own. However, there are still other aspects of life where average adults are not ready to be trusted to make decisions. Politics will continue to be a difficult subject for people to comprehend. Decisions that affect average adult’s personal and social existence can only be allowed in certain spheres of life.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Financial Analysis of Paint Industry

Financial Reporting Analysis Paint Industry (Asian Paints) Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) CONTENTS Profitability Ratios †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Operating Profit Margin †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Gross Profit Margin †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Net Profit Margin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Earnings per share †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 PERFORMANCE RATIO †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Price/Earnings Ratio †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Return on Capital Employed †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 DEBT COVERAGE RATIO †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Interest Coverage Ratio †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 LIQUIDITY AND SOLVENCY RATIO †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Current Ratio †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 0 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Quick Ratio †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 ACTIVITY RATIO †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Inventory Turnover Ratio †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Industry Comparison †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 12 3 – Step Du Pont Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Asian Paints †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Berger Paints †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 Kansai Nerolac †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Akzo Nobel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 15 CONCLUSION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Page | 2Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) PROFITABILITY RATIOS OPERATING PROFIT MARGIN Operating margin is a measurement of what proportion of a company's revenue is left over after paying for variable costs of production such as wages, raw materials, etc. When looking at operating margin to determine the quality of a company, we look at the change in operating margin over time to compare the company's yearly or quarterly figures to those of its competitors. If a co mpany's margin is increasing, it is earning more per dollar of sales. The higher the margin, the better is the performance of the company.Operating Margin = Operating Income/Net Sales INDUSTRY COMPARISON 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 Asian Paints 16. 81 17. 57 19. 24 13. 16 15. 83 Berger Paints 10. 61 10. 21 10. 45 8. 43 10. 08 Kansai Nerolac 12. 3 12. 88 14. 55 10. 7 14. 24 Akzo Nobel 6. 65 11. 00 12. 33 11. 89 10. 60 25 20 2011-12 15 2010-11 2009-10 10 2008-09 2007-08 5 0 Asian Paints Berger Paints Kansai Nerolac Akzo Nobel The graphs show a higher value for Asian Paints as compared to its competitors. The reason for this is the high income earned for every sale concluded. However, the ratio for all the companies is dropping over the years.Akzo Nobel has shown a sharper decline than all the others, which implies lesser income. The profit margin of the company has declined and hence OM has also declined. Page | 3 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paint s) GROSS PROFIT MARGIN A company's total sales revenue minus its cost of goods sold, divided by the total sales revenue, expressed as a percentage. The gross margin represents the percentage of total sales revenue that the company retains after incurring the direct costs associated with producing the goods and services sold by a company.The higher the percentage, the more the company retains on each dollar of sales to service its other costs and obligations. Gross Margin (%)= (Revenue-Cost of Sales) / Revenue INDUSTRY COMPARISON Asian Paints 15. 61 16. 14 18. 11 11. 90 14. 62 Berger Paints 9. 19 8. 77 8. 88 7. 08 8. 69 Kansai Nerolac 10. 24 10. 70 12. 11 8. 16 11. 23 Akzo Nobel 4. 77 9. 21 10. 29 9. 53 8. 18 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 14. 62 11. 9 18. 11 16. 14 15. 61 Percentage (%) 12. 11 10. 7 10. 24 11. 23 7. 08 8. 88 8. 77 9. 19 8. 16 8. 18 9. 53 10. 29 9. 21 Akzo Nobel 8. 69 Asian Paints Kansai NerolacBerger Paints 2008 2009 2010 2011 20 12 ? The gross profit margin percentages (GPMs) are almost constant over the years for all the four companies. Asian Paints has greater GPM than others as, being the largest company both in terms of the balance sheet and the market share; it enjoys huge economies of scale. This guarantees lower costs as compared to the competitors. ? Akzo Nobel’s GPM has dipped drastically from FY11 to FY12 and that is because of increase in the expenses. These expenses were mainly on account of hiring (employee expenses) that the company did during the financial year 2012. 4. 77 Page | 4Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) NET PROFIT MARGIN The ratio of net profits to revenues for a company or business segment – typically expressed as a percentage – that shows how much of each dollar earned by the company is translated into profits. Net margins can generally be calculated as: Net Margins = Net Profit/Revenue Where Net Profit = Revenue-COGS-Operating Exp enses – Interest and Taxes INDUSTRY COMPARISON Asian Paints 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 11. 38 11. 61 14. 29 7. 97 10. 28 Berger (%) 6. 61 6. 99 7. 02 5. 79 6. 79 Paints Kansai Nerolac 7. 86 9. 03 9. 04 6. 58 9. 00 Akzo Nobel 9. 60 14. 8 15. 00 31. 6 6. 30 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Asian Paints Berger Paints Kansai Nerolac Akzo Nobel 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 ? Net margins will vary from company to company, and certain ranges can be expected from industry to industry, as similar business constraints exist in each distinct industry. ? Here, the values are falling for all the companies, and all of them have more or less similar values. This implies that the NPM is similar for all companies. Page | 5 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) EARNINGS PER SHARE The portion of a company's profit allocated to each outstanding share of common stock.Earnings per share serve as an indicator of a company's profitability. When calculating, it is more accurate to use a weighted average number of shares outstanding over the reporting term, because the number of shares outstanding can change over time. EPS= (Net Income – Dividends on Preferred Stock) /Average Outstanding Shares INDUSTRY COMPARISON Asian Paints 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 99. 92 80. 81 80. 74 37. 78 39. 12 Berger RS 5. 12 4. 29 3. 47 2. 78 2. 89 Paints Kansai Nerolac 40. 06 38. 22 61. 42 36. 59 44. 46 Akzo Nobel 54. 79 47. 94 43. 25 77. 38 15. 69 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 39. 12 37. 78 80. 74 80. 81 99. 92 44. 46 36. 9 61. 42 38. 22 40. 06 Asian Paints Kansai Nerolac 2. 89 Berger Paints 2. 78 3. 47 4. 29 5. 12 2008 2009 2010 15. 69 Akzo Nobel 2011 ? The shares of Berger paints have a Face Value of Rs. 2, hence it has a larger number of shares. On the other hand, Asian Paints has Face Value of Rs. 10 therefore it has smaller number of shares. This implies that the EPS of Berger Paints is less than Asian Paints. ? Asian Paints has the best figures in spite of adjustment of EPS. A better comparison of the EPS can be done with adjusted EPS, as it gives realistic numbers. Hence for comparing, we can multiply the EPS of Berger Paints by 5 and then compare.Also Berger paints has been the most consistent competitor throughout 5 year with steady increase in EPS. 77. 38 43. 25 47. 94 54. 79 2012 Page | 6 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) PERFORMANCE RATIOS PRICE/EARNINGS RATIO The price by earnings ratio is a valuation ratio of a company's current share price compared to its per-share earnings. A high P/E suggests that investors are expecting higher earnings growth in the future compared to companies with a lower P/E. Price Earnings ratio = (Market Value per Share) / (Earnings per Share) INDUSTRY COMPARISON 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08Asian Paints 31. 91 31. 35 25. 59 20. 96 30. 06 Berger Paints 20. 09 19. 86 16. 83 12. 59 12. 58 Kansai Nerolac 22. 52 21. 3 9. 92 5. 58 8. 03 Akzo Nobel 14. 64 1 6. 31 13. 85 5. 39 39. 74 45. 00 40. 00 35. 00 30. 00 25. 00 20. 00 15. 00 10. 00 5. 00 0. 00 Asian Paints Kansai Nerolac Berger Paints 8. 03 5. 58 9. 92 30. 06 20. 96 25. 59 31. 35 31. 91 21. 30 22. 52 12. 59 16. 83 19. 86 20. 90 39. 74 12. 58 Akzo Nobel 2008 2009 2010 2011 5. 39 ? A high P/E value implies future expectation of the markets from the shares of the company is high. Very high PE(price to Earning) implies an overpriced share in the market. High ROCE(Return on Capital Employed) with low PE implies that company is doing well and the price of shares will rise in future. Berger Paints in this regard stands out because it has efficiently managed the input raw material fluctuations very well. ? Asian Paints has the highest ROCE in the industry for FY12, as it is the market leader as well. Page | 7 13. 85 16. 31 14. 64 2012 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED A ratio which indicates the efficiency and profitability of the ca pital investments by a company.ROCE should always be higher than the rate at which the company borrows; otherwise any increase in borrowing will reduce shareholders' earnings. ROCE = EBIT / (Total Assets – Current Liabilities) INDUSTRY COMPARISON 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 Asian Paints 52. 24 55. 73 62. 84 49. 35 57. 32 Berger Paints 25. 88 26. 2 26. 64 18. 48 22. 9 Kansai Nerolac 27. 02 27. 3 26. 8 25. 4 28. 1 Akzo Nobel 17,36 14. 17 12. 94 11. 57 13. 04 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 57. 32 49. 35 62. 94 55. 73 52. 24 22. 9 18. 48 26. 64 26. 2 25. 88 25. 43 26. 78 27. 36 27. 02 28. 01 Asian Paints Kansai Nerolac Berger Paints 008 2009 2010 ? If (Return on Capital Employed) ROCE is high and Price to Earning is low (i. e. , it is share is available cheaply), the share is recommended. This is because the company is utilizing its capital well and the price is lower as compared to the earnings. ? Asian Paints has had a phenomenal growth in this regard. It has been very effi ciently utilizing the capital employed. This factor has been one of the distinguishing factors clearly making it market Leader. 13. 04 11. 57 12. 94 14. 17 17. 36 Akzo Nobel 2011 2012 Page | 8 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints)DEBT COVERAGE RATIOS INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO A ratio used to determine how easily a company can pay interest on outstanding debt. The interest coverage ratio is calculated by dividing a company's earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of one period by the company's interest expenses of the same period. INDUSTRY COMPARISON 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 Asian Paints 50. 66 74. 05 74. 27 55. 04 69. 73 Berger Paints 15. 14 17. 99 36. 62 8. 33 10. 28 Kansai Nerolac 340. 78 310. 54 196. 02 75. 24 112. 68 Akzo Nobel 64. 18 103. 00 116. 55 38. 29 33. 68 400 350 112. 68 75. 24 196. 02 300 250 200 69. 73 55. 4 74. 27 74. 05 50. 66 150 100 50 0 Asian Paints Products 310. 54 340. 7 Kansai Nerolac Berger Paints 8. 33 36. 62 17. 99 15 . 14 10. 28 2008 2009 2010 33. 68 38. 29 Akzo Nobel 2011 ? For Kansai Nerolac, the debt has drastically reduced from 1. 23 to 0. 09Cr in FY11-12. Therefore a very drastic drop in Interest coverage Ratio is seen for FY12. Though Akzo Nobel has no long term debt, it the short liabilities are the reason which leads to the interest expenses. ? Also, Berger Paints has seen its interest expenses increase by 50% and debt coverage ratio high indicating that it has higher interest payables.This implies that it has taken huge debts, the reason for which might be for expansion, as the other ratios for the company do not point to any problems in its earnings capability Page | 9 116. 55 103 64. 18 2012 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) LIQUIDITY AND SOLVENCY RATIOS CURRENT RATIO The current ratio, also known as liquidity ratio, is used to give an idea of the company's ability to pay back its short-term liabilities (debt and payables) with its short-term assets (cash, inventory, receivables). The higher the current ratio, the more capable the company is of paying its obligations.A ratio under 1 suggests that the company would be unable to pay off its obligations if they came due at that point. While this shows the company is not in good financial health, it does not necessarily mean that it will go bankrupt – as there are many ways to access financing – but it is definitely not a good sign. Current Ratio = Current Assets/ Current Liabilities INDUSTRY COMPARISON 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 Asian Paints 1. 07 0. 93 0. 89 1. 13 0. 99 Berger Paints 1. 44 1. 43 1. 57 1. 34 1. 15 Kansai Nerolac 1. 67 1. 518 1. 44 1. 47 1. 866 Akzo Nobel 1. 09 0. 85 0. 73 0. 79 0. 81 . 52 1. 66 2 1. 8 1. 6 0. 99 1. 13 0. 89 0. 93 1. 07 1. 4 1. 2 1 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 Asian Paints 1. 88 1. 3 1. 15 1. 34 1. 57 1. 43 1. 44 1. 53 Kansai Nerolac Berger Paints 2008 2009 2010 ? Paint industry player have typically very healthy CR ranging between 1 a nd 2. There are very few chances of their facing an insolvency problem. ? Asian Paints’ current assets have seen an increase of about 50% and Current liabilities increase by about 25%, thus leading to a greater increase in its CR from FY11 to FY12. Major increase was due to increase in cash and inventory levels compared to Asian Paints ?Akzo Nobel has experienced a huge increase in inventory production improvement and hence its figures have improved. Page | 10 0. 81 0. 79 0. 73 0. 85 1. 09 Akzo Nobel 2011 2012 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) QUICK RATIO An indicator of a company's short-term liquidity. The quick ratio measures a company's ability to meet its shortterm obligations with its most liquid assets. It is more conservative than the current ratio, as the current ratio often overestimates the company’s ability to repay its short term obligations. The higher the quick ratio better is the position of company.It is also known as the â €Å"acid-test ratio† or the â€Å"quick assets ratio†. Quick Ratio = (Current Assets – Inventories – Prepaid Expenses)/Current Liabilities INDUSTRY COMPARISON Asian Paints 0. 57 0. 34 0. 38 0. 59 0. 47 Berger Paints 1. 10 0. 99 0. 88 1. 10 1. 08 Kansai Nerolac . 84 . 74 . 79 . 99 1. 16 Akzo Nobel 0. 65 0. 48 0. 44 0. 48 0. 45 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 1. 16 1. 4 1. 2 1 0. 59 0. 38 0. 34 0. 57 0. 8 1. 08 0. 79 0. 74 0. 84 1. 1 0. 88 0. 99 1. 1 0. 99 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0 Asian Paints Kansai Nerolac Berger Paints Akzo Nobel 2008 2009 2010 2011 ? The growth of QR has not been in line with the current ratio.The large variation for different companies is because of the huge levels of inventory (huge portion of CA). ? As compared to FY11, Asian paints inventory has increased by 20% in FY12. ? Berger paints and Kansai Nerolac figures are good, others might have issues in solvency as they have very low values of QR. 0. 48 0. 44 0. 48 0. 65 0. 47 0. 45 20 12 Page | 11 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) ACTIVITY RATIO INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO Shows how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced over a period. Number of days in Inventory holding i. e. (365/ Inventory Turnover Ratio), which is also directly proportional to the cost of handling inventory and should be as low as possible. Inventory Turnover Ratio = COGS / Closing Inventory INDUSTRY COMPARISON Asian Paints 7. 56 7. 08 7. 95 9. 8 8. 03 Berger Paints 5. 80 5. 87 6. 37 6. 64 5. 92 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10 2008-09 2007-08 Kansai Nerolac 6. 76 7. 17 8. 17 10. 08 9. 11 Akzo Nobel 6. 35 8. 73 11. 60 10. 20 8. 72 10 8 6 4 2 0 8. 03 9. 8 7. 95 7. 08 7. 56 12 9. 11 10. 08 8. 17 7. 17 6. 76 6. 64 6. 37 5. 87 5. 8 8. 72 10. 2 11. 6 8. 73 5. 92 Berger Paints Akzo Nobel 14 Asian Paints Kansai Nerolac 008 2009 2010 2011 2012 ? Berger paints is best in the industry, next comes Akzo Nobel and then Asian Paint. ? Sales of Akzo Nobel have increased by 70% , proportionately COGS and inventory has increased by 100%, and therefore we can observe a sharp dip in its ratio. 6. 35 Page | 12 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) 3 – STEP DU PONT ANALYSIS ? ROE = Operating efficiency * Asset Usage Efficiency * Financial Leverage ? ROE broken down into three components :†¢ Operating efficiency = Net Income / Sales †¢ Asset Use efficiency = Sales / Assets †¢ Financial Leverage = Assets / Net worthASIAN PAINTS 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2007. 5 2008 2008. 5 2009 2009. 5 2010 2010. 5 2011 2011. 5 2012 2012. 5 Operating Efficiency Asset Usage Efficiency Financial leverage ? Operating efficiency has increased from 10. 28 in 2008 to 11. 38 in FY12. Due to higher input costs, this parameter has dipped slightly compared to last year. ? Asset Use efficiency has been improving because more and more assets are now productive that were procured in earlier years ? Financial Leverage has been flat throughout 5 years, meaning the company has largely relied on Cash or Equity rather than Debt to function.BERGER PAINTS 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2007 2008 Operating Efficiency 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Asset Usage Efficiency Financial Leverage Page | 13 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) ? Operating efficiency has been varying from 6. 79 2008 to 6. 61 in FY12. Company has not been able to manage the profitability due to varying Crude oil prices. ? Asset Use efficiency has been improving because more and more assets are now productive that were procured in earlier years ? Financial Leverage has been declining throughout 5 years, which is beneficial to the company.KANSAI NEROLAC 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Operating efficiency Asset Usage Efficiency Financial Leverage ? Operating efficiency has been very volatile varying between from 9 in 2008 to 7. 86 in FY12. Company has not been able to manage the profitability due to varying Crude oil prices. ? Asset Use efficiency has the lowest amongst the peers that have been compared because company has not been investing in PPE Page | 14 Financial Reporting Analysis of Paint Industry (Asian Paints) AKZO NOBEL 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Friday, January 3, 2020

The Personality Theories Of Sigmund Freud And Alfred Adler

The content of this paper is to describe and critique the personality theories of Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. Within this paper, the background of the theorist will be discussed along with personality theories. This paper will also provide description some of the major principles of personality theories to include lifespan personality changes, gender and culture. The last section will be a personal opinion, why and conclusion of the theories how it can be conceptualized regarding my own family situation. History Over the years every time you hear the Sigmund Freud you will hear Alfred Adler. Freud and Adler are two of the big contributors in today psychology world. They set the foundation for future generations of psychologist†¦show more content†¦On the surface is call consciousness which is the tip of the iceberg. It is consists of our focus on attention and thoughts. The preconscious consists of all which can be recovered from our memory (McLeod, 2013). Third thing of the iceberg which lies under the water is the most significant of the unconscious mind. The most important part of the mind is the part that you cannot see. This part is the real cause of most behaviors. The unconscious mind acts as a repository and impulse kept at bay and mediated by the preconscious area (Freud, 2015). Freud, (2015) also said the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious mind conscious. Psychosexual Stages Freud theory on Psychosexual Stages is that he believed children were born with a sexual urge and with libido (McLeod, 2013). Children go through many stages during childhood and seek pleasure form different type of objects. In Freud’s theory children’s go though (McLeod, 2013): †¢ Oral – The mouth sucking and swallowing. †¢ Anal – The anus withholding or expelling feces. †¢ Phallic – The penis or clitoris masturbation. †¢ Latent – Little or no motivation present. †¢ Genital – The penis or vagina sexual intercourse. Psychosexual development and Oedipus complex was the point of his career that is most controversial. We must complete each stage successfully for us to be psychologically healthy. If not mental abnormality can occur and the person become fixated (McLeod, 2013).Show MoreRelatedTheoretical Views Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesin history of psychology such as; Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, and William James. Each psychologist’s mentioned has proposed their own reasoning behind the psychological functions and causes of human behavior. Each doctor of psychology has their own perspective as to why a person behaves the way that they do. Take Sigmund Freud for instance, he believed the unconscious mind had a strong influence on human behavior. (Cherry, 2011). According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influenceRead MoreEssay on Theoretical Positions of Jung, Adler, and Freud1471 Words   |  6 Pages Early Psychological Theory While science worked diligently to quantify and validate early structuralist perspectives in psychology, early functionalists were hard at work developing theories that were more qualitative in nature. Although not directly associated with the functionalism movement, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James were clearly most concerned with how psychology could improve theRead MoreThe Theory Of Personality Psychology1019 Words   |  5 Pagesnot like you at all? It’s ironic how a person personality is shaped. Personality is included in basically everyday life. Personality defines a person. Personality is like a big stew mixed with emotions, behaviors, and patterns of thought that truly define a person. Personality Psychology is the study of these different patterns among a group of people or culture. 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Searching earnestly for answers to the many questions that were prevalent in those days. The theory of Psychoanalysis was one of such theory that was founded. Psychoanalysis emphases on the unconscious phases of personality development. The main tenets of this theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important inRead MoreSigmund Freud And Alfred Adler1867 Words   |  8 Pagesand contrast the fundamental theory established by Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler. The areas of study for the theories they established were in personality and mental health. Sigmund Freud established the stages of personality and aspects of the human mind. Alfred Adler studied the individual as a whole. Their theories were quite different, but their main conflict was over the influence of sexuality in the human mind. Compare and Contrast: Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler Two of the well known andRead MorePsychoanalytic Psychology : Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment1427 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalytic Personality Assessment Julious Campbell PSY/250 June 8, 2015 MR. MICHAEL PHILLIPS Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Many people consider Psychology a science, which is true, applied science. Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior which has different levels with many dimensions. Psychology is compounded with many theories and studies that by trial, and error, have made psychology into the discipline that it has become today. Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler are justRead MorePsy/250 Week 2 Psychoanalytical Personality Assessment Essay987 Words   |  4 Pages Psychoanalytical Personality Assessment Everybody is unique or special in one form or another and each personality has a theory. For many years psychologists have based theories upon individuals and I the writer will compare and contrast three well known psychologists Sigmund Freud, Alfred Alder, and Carl Jung. Sigmund Freud was one of the greatest psychologists in time he Alder and Jung’s theories were very similar but then again very different. Within these theories we will discuss characteristicsRead MorePsychoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theories Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual Psychology Theories When the word classical is used, images of things developed long ago with their traditional styles and ideas come to mind. They are perceived today as outdated and not as effective. Classical models of psychotherapy although deemed outdated, still have relevance in today’s practice of understanding human behavior. Psychotherapy is a science and art that was established back in the 1800’s with its own style and ideas. 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